In the Sahel, as in most developing countries, traditional pharmacopoeia plays an important role in rural areas (Yamba, 1993). Because of the isolation of rural areas, non-existent or rudimentary health infrastructures, the high cost of pharmaceutical preparations, and low incomes, medicinal plants are a major asset for rural populations (Dibong et al., 2011). Thus, one only goes to the clinic as a last resort when traditional medicine has proved ineffective (Manzo, 1996). According to WHO (2002), 80% of the population use traditional herbal medicine in primary health care. This justifies that interest and research in the field of indigenous knowledge have increased in recent years, especially after the Rio de Janeiro Conference (Wezel, 2002). Medicinal plants are a precious heritage for humanity and more particularly for the majority of poor communities in developing countries who depend on them for their primary health care and their livelihoods (Salhi et al., 2010). Traditional medicine constitutes for Africa in general and for Niger in particular a cultural and economic heritage of unquestionable importance. However, the development of this heritage poses a certain number of problems, one of the most important of which remains the distrust of healers to deliver their often initiatory knowledge (Ikhri et al., 1984). And according to Ouôba et al., (2006) the risk of seeing certain healers disappear without having revealed their secrets, leads to greater efforts to keep information on medicinal plants in writing but also to promote them. It is with this in mind that an ethnobotanical study was conducted in Niger whose objective is to identify medicinal plants and assess the impact of the samples on their survival.